Suchergebnisse

Having ascended the throne, Tsar Alexander established for the first time the Ministry of Education in 1802. Then the legal framework for the modern education in the Russian Empire was devised by a document called The Provisional Regulations of Public Enlightenment of the Russian Empire enacted 24th of January 1803, whereby six educational (school) districts were erected. The universities rode herd on schools. Next rescripts determined a.o. relations between schools and their policy. The system lasted until the fourth decade of the 19th century when Tsar started to restrict the autonomy of universities as well as unify their structure and educational system.

Artykuł jest poświęcony statusowi Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w Europejskim Systemie Banków Centralnych. Autor omówił skład i kompetencje organu, jego funkcje i zadania, wewnętrzne organy decyzyjne i tryb postępowania. Ukazano też powiązanie z systemem krajowychbanków centralnych, w tym aktualny status Narodowego Banku Polskiego i zmiany konstytucyjne, konieczne w przyszłości dla wprowadzenia w Polsce waluty euro.

On 11 July 2013, a new draft law on the Constitutional Tribunal was submitted to the Parliament by the President of the Polish Republic. The first reading of the draft took place on 29 August 2013, then it was sent to further works in the parliamentary Committee on Justice and Human Rights and the parliamentary Legislative Committee. Keywords: Polish Constitution, parliamentary Committee on Justice and Human Right, parliamentary Legislative Committee

The principle of the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers is now recognized as being one of the basic characteristics of a democratic state both in the field of constitutional law and in jurisprudence. Legal commentators who reject it as a condition for determining the existence of a democracy are few and far between in the literature (e.g., W. Sokolewicz). These commentators stress that the separation of powers is mandatory insofar as it is essential to ensure judicial independence, but is not a requisite for justifying equality of position between executive power and legislative from whence it is but a small step to bureaucratic autocracy. Keywords: separation of powers, legislative, executive and judicial powers, democratic state, constitutional law, jurisprudence.

Art. 63 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 provides everyone with the right to submit petitions to state authorities. The procedure for considering petitions is specified by the Act on Petitions of 11 July 2014. According to the law, petitions can, in particular, take the form of a request to amend the law. The aim of the article is to focus on petitions concerning the amendment of electoral law against the background general information on the legal regulations in this regard. In the 8th term of office of the Sejm, which began on 12 November 2015, there were five petitions submitted to the parliament which concerned electoral issues. The petitioners proposed amendments in regard to the manner of electing senators to the Senate of the Republic of Poland and councilors in the communities of up to 100,000 residents, strengthening mechanisms that would counteract "electoral frauds", electoral thresholds in the elections to the Sejm and mandatory voting.

Das Buch enthält Abhandlungen zu Grundfragen des Rechts und des Staates in philosophischer Sicht. Herbert Schambecks langes Wirken als Rechtslehrer und Parlamentarier hat sein Bemühen um eine Verbindung von Institutionalität, Legalität und Humanität bekräftigt, mit dem er sich aktuellen Aufgaben und Problemen des Rechtsdenkens und Rechtslebens stellt. Er geht auf die Realfaktoren der Gesetzgebung, die Natur und Würde des Menschen, die Voraussetzungen von Geltung und Wirksamkeit des positiven Rechts sowie die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Rechtspositivismus und der Naturrechtslehre ein und setzt sich dabei mit der Rechtsformenlehre wie mit der Rechtsinhaltsbetrachtung auseinander